Data type objects (dtype)

A data type object (an instance of numpy.dtype class) describes how the bytes in the fixed-size block of memory corresponding to an array item should be interpreted. It describes the following aspects of the data:

1. Type of the data (integer, float, Python object, etc.)

2. Size of the data (how many bytes is in e.g. the integer)

3. Byte order of the data (little-endian or big-endian)

4. If the data type is structured data type, an aggregate of other data types, (e.g., describing an array item consisting of an integer and a float),

   1. what are the names of the “fields” of the structure, by which they can be accessed,

   2. what is the data-type of each field, and

   3. which part of the memory block each field takes.

5. If the data type is a sub-array, what is its shape and data type.

To describe the type of scalar data, there are several built-in scalar types in NumPy for various precision of integers, floating-point numbers, etc. An item extracted from an array, e.g., by indexing, will be a Python object whose type is the scalar type associated with the data type of the array.

Note that the scalar types are not dtype objects, even though they can be used in place of one whenever a data type specification is needed in NumPy.

Structured data types are formed by creating a data type whose field contain other data types. Each field has a name by which it can be accessed. The parent data type should be of sufficient size to contain all its fields; the parent is nearly always based on the void type which allows an arbitrary item size. Structured data types may also contain nested structured sub-array data types in their fields.

Finally, a data type can describe items that are themselves arrays of items of another data type. These sub-arrays must, however, be of a fixed size.

If an array is created using a data-type describing a sub-array, the dimensions of the sub-array are appended to the shape of the array when the array is created. Sub-arrays in a field of a structured type behave differently, see Field access.

Sub-arrays always have a C-contiguous memory layout.

Example

A simple data type containing a 32-bit big-endian integer: (see Specifying and constructing data types for details on construction)

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype('>i4')
>>> dt.byteorder
'>'
>>> dt.itemsize
4
>>> dt.name
'int32'
>>> dt.type is np.int32
True

The corresponding array scalar type is int32.

Example

A structured data type containing a 16-character string (in field ‘name’) and a sub-array of two 64-bit floating-point number (in field ‘grades’):

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype([('name', np.str_, 16), ('grades', np.float64, (2,))])
>>> dt['name']
dtype('<U16')
>>> dt['grades']
dtype(('<f8', (2,)))

Items of an array of this data type are wrapped in an array scalar type that also has two fields:

>>> import numpy as np

>>> x = np.array([('Sarah', (8.0, 7.0)), ('John', (6.0, 7.0))], dtype=dt)
>>> x[1]
('John', [6., 7.])
>>> x[1]['grades']
array([6.,  7.])
>>> type(x[1])
<class 'numpy.void'>
>>> type(x[1]['grades'])
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>

Specifying and constructing data types

Whenever a data-type is required in a NumPy function or method, either a dtype object or something that can be converted to one can be supplied. Such conversions are done by the dtype constructor:

dtype(dtype[, align, copy])

Create a data type object.

What can be converted to a data-type object is described below:

dtype object

Used as-is.

None

The default data type: float64.

Array-scalar types

The 24 built-in array scalar type objects all convert to an associated data-type object. This is true for their sub-classes as well.

Note that not all data-type information can be supplied with a type-object: for example, flexible data-types have a default itemsize of 0, and require an explicitly given size to be useful.

Example

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype(np.int32)      # 32-bit integer
>>> dt = np.dtype(np.complex128) # 128-bit complex floating-point number

Generic types

The generic hierarchical type objects convert to corresponding type objects according to the associations:

number, inexact, floating	float64
complexfloating	complex128
integer, signedinteger	int_
unsignedinteger	uint
generic, flexible	void

Deprecated since version 1.19: This conversion of generic scalar types is deprecated. This is because it can be unexpected in a context such as arr.astype(dtype=np.floating), which casts an array of float32 to an array of float64, even though float32 is a subdtype of np.floating.

Built-in Python types

Several python types are equivalent to a corresponding array scalar when used to generate a dtype object:

int	int_
bool	bool_
float	float64
complex	complex128
bytes	bytes_
str	str_
memoryview	void
(all others)	object_

Note that str_ corresponds to UCS4 encoded unicode strings.

Example

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype(float)   # Python-compatible floating-point number
>>> dt = np.dtype(int)     # Python-compatible integer
>>> dt = np.dtype(object)  # Python object

Note

All other types map to object_ for convenience. Code should expect that such types may map to a specific (new) dtype in the future.

Types with .dtype

Any type object with a dtype attribute: The attribute will be accessed and used directly. The attribute must return something that is convertible into a dtype object.

Several kinds of strings can be converted. Recognized strings can be prepended with '>' (big-endian), '<' (little-endian), or '=' (hardware-native, the default), to specify the byte order.

One-character strings

Each built-in data-type has a character code (the updated Numeric typecodes), that uniquely identifies it.

Example

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype('b')  # byte, native byte order
>>> dt = np.dtype('>H') # big-endian unsigned short
>>> dt = np.dtype('<f') # little-endian single-precision float
>>> dt = np.dtype('d')  # double-precision floating-point number

Array-protocol type strings (see The array interface protocol)

The first character specifies the kind of data and the remaining characters specify the number of bytes per item, except for Unicode, where it is interpreted as the number of characters. The item size must correspond to an existing type, or an error will be raised. The supported kinds are

'?'	boolean
'b'	(signed) byte
'B'	unsigned byte
'i'	(signed) integer
'u'	unsigned integer
'f'	floating-point
'c'	complex-floating point
'm'	timedelta
'M'	datetime
'O'	(Python) objects
'S', 'a'	zero-terminated bytes (not recommended)
'U'	Unicode string
'V'	raw data (void)

Example

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype('i4')   # 32-bit signed integer
>>> dt = np.dtype('f8')   # 64-bit floating-point number
>>> dt = np.dtype('c16')  # 128-bit complex floating-point number
>>> dt = np.dtype('S25')  # 25-length zero-terminated bytes
>>> dt = np.dtype('U25')  # 25-character string

Note on string types

For backward compatibility with existing code originally written to support Python 2, S and a typestrings are zero-terminated bytes. For unicode strings, use U, numpy.str_. For signed bytes that do not need zero-termination b or i1 can be used.

String with comma-separated fields

A short-hand notation for specifying the format of a structured data type is a comma-separated string of basic formats.

A basic format in this context is an optional shape specifier followed by an array-protocol type string. Parenthesis are required on the shape if it has more than one dimension. NumPy allows a modification on the format in that any string that can uniquely identify the type can be used to specify the data-type in a field. The generated data-type fields are named 'f0', 'f1', …, 'f<N-1>' where N (>1) is the number of comma-separated basic formats in the string. If the optional shape specifier is provided, then the data-type for the corresponding field describes a sub-array.

Example

• field named f0 containing a 32-bit integer

• field named f1 containing a 2 x 3 sub-array of 64-bit floating-point numbers

• field named f2 containing a 32-bit floating-point number

  >>> import numpy as np
  >>> dt = np.dtype("i4, (2,3)f8, f4")
  

• field named f0 containing a 3-character string

• field named f1 containing a sub-array of shape (3,) containing 64-bit unsigned integers

• field named f2 containing a 3 x 4 sub-array containing 10-character strings

  >>> import numpy as np
  >>> dt = np.dtype("S3, 3u8, (3,4)S10")
  

Type strings

Any string name of a NumPy dtype, e.g.:

Example

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype('uint32')   # 32-bit unsigned integer
>>> dt = np.dtype('float64')  # 64-bit floating-point number

(flexible_dtype, itemsize)

The first argument must be an object that is converted to a zero-sized flexible data-type object, the second argument is an integer providing the desired itemsize.

Example

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype((np.void, 10))  # 10-byte wide data block
>>> dt = np.dtype(('U', 10))   # 10-character unicode string

(fixed_dtype, shape)

The first argument is any object that can be converted into a fixed-size data-type object. The second argument is the desired shape of this type. If the shape parameter is 1, then the data-type object used to be equivalent to fixed dtype. This behaviour is deprecated since NumPy 1.17 and will raise an error in the future. If shape is a tuple, then the new dtype defines a sub-array of the given shape.

Example

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype((np.int32, (2,2)))          # 2 x 2 integer sub-array
>>> dt = np.dtype(('i4, (2,3)f8, f4', (2,3))) # 2 x 3 structured sub-array

[(field_name, field_dtype, field_shape), ...]

obj should be a list of fields where each field is described by a tuple of length 2 or 3. (Equivalent to the descr item in the __array_interface__ attribute.)

The first element, field_name, is the field name (if this is '' then a standard field name, 'f#', is assigned). The field name may also be a 2-tuple of strings where the first string is either a “title” (which may be any string or unicode string) or meta-data for the field which can be any object, and the second string is the “name” which must be a valid Python identifier.

The second element, field_dtype, can be anything that can be interpreted as a data-type.

The optional third element field_shape contains the shape if this field represents an array of the data-type in the second element. Note that a 3-tuple with a third argument equal to 1 is equivalent to a 2-tuple.

This style does not accept align in the dtype constructor as it is assumed that all of the memory is accounted for by the array interface description.

Example

Data-type with fields big (big-endian 32-bit integer) and little (little-endian 32-bit integer):

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype([('big', '>i4'), ('little', '<i4')])

Data-type with fields R, G, B, A, each being an unsigned 8-bit integer:

>>> dt = np.dtype([('R','u1'), ('G','u1'), ('B','u1'), ('A','u1')])

{'names': ..., 'formats': ..., 'offsets': ..., 'titles': ..., 'itemsize': ...}

This style has two required and three optional keys. The names and formats keys are required. Their respective values are equal-length lists with the field names and the field formats. The field names must be strings and the field formats can be any object accepted by dtype constructor.

When the optional keys offsets and titles are provided, their values must each be lists of the same length as the names and formats lists. The offsets value is a list of byte offsets (limited to ctypes.c_int) for each field, while the titles value is a list of titles for each field (None can be used if no title is desired for that field). The titles can be any object, but when a str object will add another entry to the fields dictionary keyed by the title and referencing the same field tuple which will contain the title as an additional tuple member.

The itemsize key allows the total size of the dtype to be set, and must be an integer large enough so all the fields are within the dtype. If the dtype being constructed is aligned, the itemsize must also be divisible by the struct alignment. Total dtype itemsize is limited to ctypes.c_int.

Example

Data type with fields r, g, b, a, each being an 8-bit unsigned integer:

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype({'names': ['r','g','b','a'],
...                'formats': [np.uint8, np.uint8, np.uint8, np.uint8]})

Data type with fields r and b (with the given titles), both being 8-bit unsigned integers, the first at byte position 0 from the start of the field and the second at position 2:

>>> dt = np.dtype({'names': ['r','b'], 'formats': ['u1', 'u1'],
...                'offsets': [0, 2],
...                'titles': ['Red pixel', 'Blue pixel']})

{'field1': ..., 'field2': ..., ...}

This usage is discouraged, because it is ambiguous with the other dict-based construction method. If you have a field called ‘names’ and a field called ‘formats’ there will be a conflict.

This style allows passing in the fields attribute of a data-type object.

obj should contain string or unicode keys that refer to (data-type, offset) or (data-type, offset, title) tuples.

Example

Data type containing field col1 (10-character string at byte position 0), col2 (32-bit float at byte position 10), and col3 (integers at byte position 14):

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype({'col1': ('U10', 0), 'col2': (np.float32, 10),
...                'col3': (int, 14)})

(base_dtype, new_dtype)

In NumPy 1.7 and later, this form allows base_dtype to be interpreted as a structured dtype. Arrays created with this dtype will have underlying dtype base_dtype but will have fields and flags taken from new_dtype. This is useful for creating custom structured dtypes, as done in record arrays.

This form also makes it possible to specify struct dtypes with overlapping fields, functioning like the ‘union’ type in C. This usage is discouraged, however, and the union mechanism is preferred.

Both arguments must be convertible to data-type objects with the same total size.

Example

32-bit integer, whose first two bytes are interpreted as an integer via field real, and the following two bytes via field imag.

>>> import numpy as np

>>> dt = np.dtype((np.int32,{'real':(np.int16, 0),'imag':(np.int16, 2)}))

32-bit integer, which is interpreted as consisting of a sub-array of shape (4,) containing 8-bit integers:

>>> dt = np.dtype((np.int32, (np.int8, 4)))

32-bit integer, containing fields r, g, b, a that interpret the 4 bytes in the integer as four unsigned integers:

>>> dt = np.dtype(('i4', [('r','u1'),('g','u1'),('b','u1'),('a','u1')]))

Checking the data type

When checking for a specific data type, use == comparison.

Example

>>> import numpy as np

>>> a = np.array([1, 2], dtype=np.float32)
>>> a.dtype == np.float32
True

As opposed to Python types, a comparison using is should not be used.

First, NumPy treats data type specifications (everything that can be passed to the dtype constructor) as equivalent to the data type object itself. This equivalence can only be handled through ==, not through is.

Example

A dtype object is equal to all data type specifications that are equivalent to it.

>>> import numpy as np

>>> a = np.array([1, 2], dtype=float)
>>> a.dtype == np.dtype(np.float64)
True
>>> a.dtype == np.float64
True
>>> a.dtype == float
True
>>> a.dtype == "float64"
True
>>> a.dtype == "d"
True

Second, there is no guarantee that data type objects are singletons.

Example

Do not use is because data type objects may or may not be singletons.

>>> import numpy as np

>>> np.dtype(float) is np.dtype(float)
True
>>> np.dtype([('a', float)]) is np.dtype([('a', float)])
False

dtype

NumPy data type descriptions are instances of the dtype class.

Attributes

The type of the data is described by the following dtype attributes:

dtype.type
dtype.kind	A character code (one of 'biufcmMOSTUV') identifying the general kind of data.
dtype.char	A unique character code for each of the 21 different built-in types.
dtype.num	A unique number for each of the 21 different built-in types.
dtype.str	The array-protocol typestring of this data-type object.

Size of the data is in turn described by:

dtype.name	A bit-width name for this data-type.
dtype.itemsize	The element size of this data-type object.

Endianness of this data:

dtype.byteorder

A character indicating the byte-order of this data-type object.

Information about sub-data-types in a structured data type:

dtype.fields	Dictionary of named fields defined for this data type, or None.
dtype.names	Ordered list of field names, or None if there are no fields.

For data types that describe sub-arrays:

dtype.subdtype	Tuple (item_dtype, shape) if this dtype describes a sub-array, and None otherwise.
dtype.shape	Shape tuple of the sub-array if this data type describes a sub-array, and () otherwise.

Attributes providing additional information:

dtype.hasobject	Boolean indicating whether this dtype contains any reference-counted objects in any fields or sub-dtypes.
dtype.flags	Bit-flags describing how this data type is to be interpreted.
dtype.isbuiltin	Integer indicating how this dtype relates to the built-in dtypes.
dtype.isnative	Boolean indicating whether the byte order of this dtype is native to the platform.
dtype.descr	__array_interface__ description of the data-type.
dtype.alignment	The required alignment (bytes) of this data-type according to the compiler.
dtype.base	Returns dtype for the base element of the subarrays, regardless of their dimension or shape.

Metadata attached by the user:

dtype.metadata

Either None or a readonly dictionary of metadata (mappingproxy).

Methods

Data types have the following method for changing the byte order:

dtype.newbyteorder([new_order])

Return a new dtype with a different byte order.

The following methods implement the pickle protocol:

dtype.__reduce__	Helper for pickle.
dtype.__setstate__

Utility method for typing:

dtype.__class_getitem__(item, /)

Return a parametrized wrapper around the dtype type.

Comparison operations:

dtype.__ge__(value, /)	Return self>=value.
dtype.__gt__(value, /)	Return self>value.
dtype.__le__(value, /)	Return self<=value.
dtype.__lt__(value, /)	Return self<value.