numpy.roots¶

Return the roots of a polynomial with coefficients given in p.

Note

This forms part of the old polynomial API. Since version 1.4, the new polynomial API defined in numpy.polynomial is preferred. A summary of the differences can be found in the transition guide.

The values in the rank-1 array p are coefficients of a polynomial. If the length of p is n+1 then the polynomial is described by:

p[0] * x**n + p[1] * x**(n-1) + ... + p[n-1]*x + p[n]

Parameters

parray_like: Rank-1 array of polynomial coefficients.

Returns

outndarray: An array containing the roots of the polynomial.

Raises

ValueError: When p cannot be converted to a rank-1 array.

See also

poly: Find the coefficients of a polynomial with a given sequence of roots.
polyval: Compute polynomial values.
polyfit: Least squares polynomial fit.
poly1d: A one-dimensional polynomial class.

Notes

The algorithm relies on computing the eigenvalues of the companion matrix [1].

References

1: R. A. Horn & C. R. Johnson, Matrix Analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 146-7.

Examples

>>> coeff = [3.2, 2, 1]
>>> np.roots(coeff)
array([-0.3125+0.46351241j, -0.3125-0.46351241j])

numpy.poly

numpy.polyfit