Skip to main content
`Ctrl`+`K`

# numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyint

polynomial.polynomial.polyint(c, m=1, k=[], lbnd=0, scl=1, axis=0)

  Integrate a polynomial.

  Returns the polynomial coefficients c integrated m times from lbnd along axis. At each iteration the resulting series is multiplied by scl and an integration constant, k, is added. The scaling factor is for use in a linear change of variable. (“Buyer beware”: note that, depending on what one is doing, one may want scl to be the reciprocal of what one might expect; for more information, see the Notes section below.) The argument c is an array of coefficients, from low to high degree along each axis, e.g., [1,2,3] represents the polynomial `1 + 2*x + 3*x**2` while [[1,2],[1,2]] represents `1 + 1*x + 2*y + 2*x*y` if axis=0 is `x` and axis=1 is `y`.

  Parameters:
    c array_like

      1-D array of polynomial coefficients, ordered from low to high.

    m int, optional

      Order of integration, must be positive. (Default: 1)

    k{[], list, scalar}, optional

      Integration constant(s). The value of the first integral at zero is the first value in the list, the value of the second integral at zero is the second value, etc. If `k == []` (the default), all constants are set to zero. If `m == 1`, a single scalar can be given instead of a list.

    lbnd scalar, optional

      The lower bound of the integral. (Default: 0)

    scl scalar, optional

      Following each integration the result is multiplied by scl before the integration constant is added. (Default: 1)

    axis int, optional

      Axis over which the integral is taken. (Default: 0).

  Returns:
    S ndarray

      Coefficient array of the integral.

  Raises:
    ValueError

      If `m < 1`, `len(k) > m`, `np.ndim(lbnd) != 0`, or `np.ndim(scl) != 0`.

  See also

  `polyder`

  Notes

  Note that the result of each integration is multiplied by scl. Why is this important to note? Say one is making a linear change of variable \(u = ax + b\) in an integral relative to x. Then \(dx = du/a\), so one will need to set scl equal to \(1/a\) - perhaps not what one would have first thought.

  Examples

      >>> from numpy.polynomial import polynomial as P
      >>> c = (1, 2, 3)
      >>> P.polyint(c)  # should return array([0, 1, 1, 1])
      array([0.,  1.,  1.,  1.])
      >>> P.polyint(c, 3)  # should return array([0, 0, 0, 1/6, 1/12, 1/20])
       array([ 0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.16666667,  0.08333333, # may vary
               0.05      ])
      >>> P.polyint(c, k=3)  # should return array([3, 1, 1, 1])
      array([3.,  1.,  1.,  1.])
      >>> P.polyint(c,lbnd=-2)  # should return array([6, 1, 1, 1])
      array([6.,  1.,  1.,  1.])
      >>> P.polyint(c,scl=-2)  # should return array([0, -2, -2, -2])
      array([ 0., -2., -2., -2.])