numpy.random.wald

random.wald(mean, scale, size=None)

Draw samples from a Wald, or inverse Gaussian, distribution.

As the scale approaches infinity, the distribution becomes more like a Gaussian. Some references claim that the Wald is an inverse Gaussian with mean equal to 1, but this is by no means universal.

The inverse Gaussian distribution was first studied in relationship to Brownian motion. In 1956 M.C.K. Tweedie used the name inverse Gaussian because there is an inverse relationship between the time to cover a unit distance and distance covered in unit time.

Note

New code should use the wald method of a default_rng() instance instead; please see the Quick Start.

Parameters

meanfloat or array_like of floats

Distribution mean, must be > 0.

scalefloat or array_like of floats

Scale parameter, must be > 0.

sizeint or tuple of ints, optional

Output shape. If the given shape is, e.g., (m, n, k), then m * n * k samples are drawn. If size is None (default), a single value is returned if mean and scale are both scalars. Otherwise, np.broadcast(mean, scale).size samples are drawn.

Returns

outndarray or scalar

Drawn samples from the parameterized Wald distribution.

See also

Generator.wald

which should be used for new code.

Notes

The probability density function for the Wald distribution is

\[P(x;mean,scale) = \sqrt{\frac{scale}{2\pi x^3}}e^ \frac{-scale(x-mean)^2}{2\cdotp mean^2x}\]

As noted above the inverse Gaussian distribution first arise from attempts to model Brownian motion. It is also a competitor to the Weibull for use in reliability modeling and modeling stock returns and interest rate processes.

References

1

Brighton Webs Ltd., Wald Distribution, https://web.archive.org/web/20090423014010/http://www.brighton-webs.co.uk:80/distributions/wald.asp

2

Chhikara, Raj S., and Folks, J. Leroy, “The Inverse Gaussian Distribution: Theory : Methodology, and Applications”, CRC Press, 1988.

3

Wikipedia, “Inverse Gaussian distribution” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_Gaussian_distribution

Examples

Draw values from the distribution and plot the histogram:

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> h = plt.hist(np.random.wald(3, 2, 100000), bins=200, density=True)
>>> plt.show()

numpy.random.vonmises numpy.random.weibull