# numpy.poly1d#

class numpy.poly1d(c_or_r, r=False, variable=None)[source]#

A one-dimensional polynomial class.

Note

This forms part of the old polynomial API. Since version 1.4, the new polynomial API defined in numpy.polynomial is preferred. A summary of the differences can be found in the transition guide.

A convenience class, used to encapsulate “natural” operations on polynomials so that said operations may take on their customary form in code (see Examples).

Parameters:
c_or_rarray_like

The polynomial’s coefficients, in decreasing powers, or if the value of the second parameter is True, the polynomial’s roots (values where the polynomial evaluates to 0). For example, poly1d([1, 2, 3]) returns an object that represents $$x^2 + 2x + 3$$, whereas poly1d([1, 2, 3], True) returns one that represents $$(x-1)(x-2)(x-3) = x^3 - 6x^2 + 11x -6$$.

rbool, optional

If True, c_or_r specifies the polynomial’s roots; the default is False.

variablestr, optional

Changes the variable used when printing p from x to variable (see Examples).

Examples

Construct the polynomial $$x^2 + 2x + 3$$:

>>> p = np.poly1d([1, 2, 3])
>>> print(np.poly1d(p))
2
1 x + 2 x + 3


Evaluate the polynomial at $$x = 0.5$$:

>>> p(0.5)
4.25


Find the roots:

>>> p.r
array([-1.+1.41421356j, -1.-1.41421356j])
>>> p(p.r)
array([ -4.44089210e-16+0.j,  -4.44089210e-16+0.j]) # may vary


These numbers in the previous line represent (0, 0) to machine precision

Show the coefficients:

>>> p.c
array([1, 2, 3])


Display the order (the leading zero-coefficients are removed):

>>> p.order
2


Show the coefficient of the k-th power in the polynomial (which is equivalent to p.c[-(i+1)]):

>>> p[1]
2


Polynomials can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided (returns quotient and remainder):

>>> p * p
poly1d([ 1,  4, 10, 12,  9])

>>> (p**3 + 4) / p
(poly1d([ 1.,  4., 10., 12.,  9.]), poly1d([4.]))


asarray(p) gives the coefficient array, so polynomials can be used in all functions that accept arrays:

>>> p**2 # square of polynomial
poly1d([ 1,  4, 10, 12,  9])

>>> np.square(p) # square of individual coefficients
array([1, 4, 9])


The variable used in the string representation of p can be modified, using the variable parameter:

>>> p = np.poly1d([1,2,3], variable='z')
>>> print(p)
2
1 z + 2 z + 3


Construct a polynomial from its roots:

>>> np.poly1d([1, 2], True)
poly1d([ 1., -3.,  2.])


This is the same polynomial as obtained by:

>>> np.poly1d([1, -1]) * np.poly1d([1, -2])
poly1d([ 1, -3,  2])

Attributes:
c

The polynomial coefficients

coef

The polynomial coefficients

coefficients

The polynomial coefficients

coeffs

The polynomial coefficients

o

The order or degree of the polynomial

order

The order or degree of the polynomial

r

The roots of the polynomial, where self(x) == 0

roots

The roots of the polynomial, where self(x) == 0

variable

The name of the polynomial variable

Methods

 __call__(val) Call self as a function. deriv([m]) Return a derivative of this polynomial. integ([m, k]) Return an antiderivative (indefinite integral) of this polynomial.